Robert Mugabe

Robert Mugabe
Robert Mugabe
2nd President of Zimbabwe
	In office; 31 December 1987 – 21 November 2017
Prime Minister	Morgan Tsvangirai(2009–2013)
First Vice President	Simon Muzenda; Joice Mujuru; Emmerson Mnangagwa;
Second Vice President	Joshua Nkomo; Joseph Msika; John Nkomo; Phelekezela Mphoko;
Preceded by	Canaan Banana
Succeeded by	Emmerson Mnangagwa
1st Prime Minister of Zimbabwe
	In office; 18 April 1980 – 31 December 1987
President	Canaan Banana
Deputy	Simon Muzenda
Preceded by	Abel Muzorewa(Zimbabwe Rhodesia)
Succeeded by	Morgan Tsvangirai(2009)
Leader and First Secretary of ZANU–PF; Zimbabwe African National Union (1975–1987)
	In office; 18 March 1975 – 19 November 2017
Chairman	Joseph Msika; John Nkomo; Oppah Muchinguri; Simon Khaya-Moyo;
Second Secretary	Joseph Msika; John Nkomo; Joice Mujuru; Emmerson Mnangagwa;
Preceded by	Herbert Chitepo
Succeeded by	Emmerson Mnangagwa
13th Chairperson of the African Union
	In office; 30 January 2015 – 30 January 2016
Leader	Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
Preceded by	Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
Succeeded by	Idriss Déby
10th Secretary General of the; Non-Aligned Movement
	In office; 6 September 1986 – 7 September 1989
Deputy	Janez Drnovšek
Preceded by	Zail Singh
Succeeded by	Janez Drnovšek
Personal details
Born	Robert Gabriel Mugabe ; 21 February 1924(age 94); Kutama, Southern Rhodesia
Political party	National Democratic Party (1960–1961); Zimbabwe African People's Union (1961–1963); Zimbabwe African National Union (1963–1987); Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (1987–2017)
Spouse(s)	Sally Hayfron; (m. 1961; her death 1992) ; Grace Marufu(m. 1996)
Children	4, including Bona
Alma mater	University of Fort Hare; University of South Africa; University of London International Programmes
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Robert Gabriel Mugabe (/mʊˈɡɑːbi/;^[1]Shona: [muɡaɓe]; born 21 February 1924) is a Zimbabwean revolutionary and politician who served as Prime Minister of Zimbabwe from 1980 to 1987 and then as President from 1987 to 2017. He chaired the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) group from 1975 to 1980 and led its successor political party, the ZANU – Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF), from 1980 to 2017. Ideologically an African nationalist, during the 1970s and 1980s he identified as a Marxist–Leninist, although after the 1990s self-identified only as a socialist. His policies have been described as Mugabeism.

Mugabe was born to a poor Shona family in Kutama, Southern Rhodesia. Following an education at Kutama College and the University of Fort Hare, he worked as a school teacher in Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, and Ghana. Angered that Southern Rhodesia was a colony of the British Empiregoverned by its white minority, Mugabe embraced Marxism and joined African nationalist protests calling for an independent black-led state. After making anti-government comments, he was convicted of sedition and imprisoned between 1964 and 1974. On release, he fled to Mozambique, established his leadership of ZANU, and oversaw ZANU's role in the Rhodesian Bush War, fighting Ian Smith's predominantly white government. He reluctantly took part in the peace negotiations brokered by the United Kingdom that resulted in the Lancaster House Agreement. The agreement ended the war and resulted in the 1980 general election, at which Mugabe led ZANU-PF to victory. As Prime Minister of the newly renamed Zimbabwe, Mugabe's administration expanded healthcare and education and—despite his professed Marxist desire for a socialist society—adhered largely to mainstream, conservative economic policies.

Mugabe's calls for racial reconciliation failed to stem growing white emigration, while relations with Joshua Nkomo's Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) also declined. In the Gukurahundi of 1982–1985, Mugabe's Fifth Brigade crushed ZAPU-linked opposition in Matabeleland in a campaign that killed at least 10,000 people, mostly Ndebele civilians. Internationally, he sent troops into the Second Congo War and chaired the Non-Aligned Movement (1986–89), the Organisation of African Unity (1997–98), and the African Union (2015–16). Pursuing decolonisation, Mugabe emphasised the redistribution of landcontrolled by white farmers to landless blacks, initially on a "willing seller–willing buyer" basis. Frustrated at the slow rate of redistribution, from 2000 he encouraged black Zimbabweans to violently seize white-owned farms. Food production was severely impacted, leading to famine, drastic economic decline, and international sanctions. Opposition to Mugabe grew, although he was re-elected in 2002, 2008, and 2013 through campaigns dominated by violence, electoral fraud, and nationalistic appeals to his rural Shona voter base. In 2017, members of his own party ousted him in a coup, replacing him with former Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa.

Having dominated Zimbabwe's politics for nearly four decades, Mugabe is a controversial figure. He has been praised as a revolutionary hero of the African liberation struggle who helped to free Zimbabwe from British colonialism, imperialism, and white minority rule. Conversely, in governance he has been accused of being a dictator responsible for economic mismanagement, widespread corruption, anti-white racism, human rights abuses, and crimes against humanity.

Early life

Revolutionary activity

Prime Minister of Zimbabwe: 1980–1987

President of Zimbabwe

Post-presidency

Ideology

Personal life

Reception and legacy

References

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ROBERT MUGABE

Robert Mugabe

Early life

Revolutionary activity

Prime Minister of Zimbabwe: 1980–1987

President of Zimbabwe

Post-presidency

Ideology

Personal life

Reception and legacy

See also

References

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Robert Mugabe


2nd President of Zimbabwe
In office 31 December 1987 – 21 November 2017
Prime Minister	Morgan Tsvangirai(2009–2013)
First Vice President	Simon Muzenda Joice Mujuru Emmerson Mnangagwa
Second Vice President	Joshua Nkomo Joseph Msika John Nkomo Phelekezela Mphoko
Preceded by	Canaan Banana
Succeeded by	Emmerson Mnangagwa
1st Prime Minister of Zimbabwe
In office 18 April 1980 – 31 December 1987
President	Canaan Banana
Deputy	Simon Muzenda
Preceded by	Abel Muzorewa(Zimbabwe Rhodesia)
Succeeded by	Morgan Tsvangirai(2009)
Leader and First Secretary of ZANU–PF Zimbabwe African National Union (1975–1987)
In office 18 March 1975 – 19 November 2017
Chairman	Joseph Msika John Nkomo Oppah Muchinguri Simon Khaya-Moyo
Second Secretary	Joseph Msika John Nkomo Joice Mujuru Emmerson Mnangagwa
Preceded by	Herbert Chitepo
Succeeded by	Emmerson Mnangagwa
13th Chairperson of the African Union
In office 30 January 2015 – 30 January 2016
Leader	Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
Preceded by	Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
Succeeded by	Idriss Déby
10th Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement
In office 6 September 1986 – 7 September 1989
Deputy	Janez Drnovšek
Preceded by	Zail Singh
Succeeded by	Janez Drnovšek
Personal details
Born	Robert Gabriel Mugabe 21 February 1924(age 94) Kutama, Southern Rhodesia
Political party	National Democratic Party (1960–1961) Zimbabwe African People's Union (1961–1963) Zimbabwe African National Union (1963–1987) Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (1987–2017)
Spouse(s)	Sally Hayfron (m. 1961; her death 1992) Grace Marufu(m. 1996)
Children	4, including Bona
Alma mater	University of Fort Hare University of South Africa University of London International Programmes
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